Controlled ventilation is useful as a motionless patient and the ability to provide frequent breath holds will aid the radiologist in positioning the shunt.

Good communication between radiologist and anaesthetist is essential. The choice of drugs demands consideration of the physiological and pharmacokinetic changes seen in chronic liver disease patients.

Short-acting opiates e. Maintenance of anaesthesia with a volatile agent or a total i. Emergency TIPS for control of acute variceal haemorrhage is usually undertaken when endoscopic therapy has failed, or more commonly as a proactive early measure for those with Child—Pugh B with active bleeding or Child—Pugh up to C These patients are likely to possess a compromised airway, haemodynamic instability, coagulopathy, and susceptibility to sepsis and risk of hepatic encephalopathy.

For acute haemorrhage, urgent stabilization will be required and measures may have already been instituted to facilitate endoscopic therapy.

Airway protection by rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation is mandatory. Large-bore peripheral venous access and invasive arterial pressure monitoring will be required and correction of haematological abnormalities is essential, as is judicious blood transfusion.

For those patients undergoing TIPS after successful endoscopic therapy but with a high risk of re-bleeding, management principles can broadly follow the elective route.

However, there may not be sufficient time to perform a full preoperative work-up. The anaesthetist should be aware of an increased aspiration risk due to residual blood in the stomach, the potential for continued haemodynamic instability, and the effects of recent massive transfusion.

Haemodynamic instability may remain after the procedure in those with blood loss, so haemodynamic monitoring and correction of anaemia and coagulopathy is required.

The increased venous return to the heart can precipitate heart failure, which will require initial medical stabilization followed by diuresis.

The application of continuous positive airway pressure may also be considered in treating pulmonary oedema.

A haemolytic anaemia may develop between 7 and 14 days post-procedure, due to mechanical shear stress on blood cells as they pass through the shunt.

This can occur at any time after the procedure and is caused by shunting of hepatic venous blood containing neurophysiologically active compounds such as ammonia and benzodiazepine-like substances, which may enhance cerebral GABA-ergic tone.

Hepatic encephalopathy can be managed with a combination of lactulose and non-absorbable antibiotics e.

Fluid management and renal replacement therapy should be considered in discussion with critical care and renal specialists. There is a risk of post-procedural sepsis, principally caused by gram-negative organisms e.

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococcus. Early identification and administration of antibiotics piptazobactam or a third-generation cephalosporin is essential in order to avoid deterioration in organ function.

Fluid and vasopressor therapy may be required. Patients are managed either on critical care, hepatology, or gastroenterology wards and are subject to early warning scoring and frequent medical review.

Given the potential for multisystem decompensation, access to critical care outreach and high dependency care in the post-procedure period is necessary.

However, given the nature of the underlying disease and often guarded prognosis, escalation of care must be carefully considered with appropriate ceilings of care set in a multidisciplinary environment, ideally in advance of any intervention.

Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology ; : — 8.

Google Scholar. Anaesthesia for patients with liver disease. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis plus albumin in patients with refractory ascites who have good hepatic and renal function: a prospective randomized trial.

J Gastroenterol ; 46 : 78 — Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med ; : — 9. Prognostic capability of different liver disease scoring systems for prediction of early mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation.

J Vasc Interv Radiol ; 24 : — The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of portal hypertension. Hepatology ; 41 : — Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt-related complications and practical solutions.

Semin Intervent Radiol ; 23 : — Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: management. Available from www.

Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TIPS : the anesthesiological point of view after procedures managed under total intravenous anesthesia.

J Clin Monit Comput ; 23 : — 6. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

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